Compute verification
Chip Location Verification
A reply within 12 ms of the Singapore landmark rules out China; within 0.27 ms of the Seoul landmark, North Korea.
A landmark server times the chip’s signed reply; nothing outruns light, so the round trip caps how far away the chip can be.
- Licence destinations, where shipping high bandwidth memory needs a US licence: China, Hong Kong and Macao, drawn from Macao and Country Group D:5 (22 countries)
- Facility records, dark inside the light-speed circle
- The nearest point China administers, 1,805 km (Triton Island, Paracel Islands; also claimed by Vietnam and Taiwan)
Reply time in ms, on a logarithmic scale. Each span runs from the reply that rules its destination out at light speed to the one that rules it out through fibre .
A reply within 12 ms puts the chip within 1,799 km of the landmark in Singapore, or 1,226 km if the signal travels by fibre.
- Ruled out at any speed
- China, Hong Kong and Macao
- Ruled out only if the signal travels by fibre
- None
- Still possible
- None of the licence destinationsAlso inside the light-speed circle: Singapore, Malaysia, Indonesia, Thailand, Vietnam and 7 more
120 of the register’s 2,265 mapped records lie inside the light-speed circle, read 15 October 2026
Each verdict holds while the key that signs the reply stays inside the chip; a copied key answers from wherever the copy is, and a relay can only add time.
Licence destinations here are those the US Export Administration Regulations (EAR) set for high bandwidth memory (ECCN 3A090.c, 15 CFR 742.6): Macao and Country Group D:5, which the regulations head “U.S. Arms Embargoed Countries”; China is in D:5, and the EAR has treated Hong Kong as part of China since 85 FR 83765 (23 Dec 2020). The chips’ own rules (ECCN 3A090, Commerce Control List) give no one border for both classes: the higher class (3A090.a) needs a licence for any destination worldwide, Singapore included, so the whole map would be inside, and the class below (3A090.b) has a shorter list that binds that class alone. The memory rule’s set stands in for both here, to show how a reply rules a destination out.
How the circles are drawn
A reply of t milliseconds puts the chip within v·t/2 of the landmark, where v is the fastest speed a verifier concedes to the signal. The solid circle takes the speed of light, 299,792.458 km/s (source, research); the dashed circle takes light in fibre, slower by the fibre’s group index, 1.4682, from the product sheet for Corning SMF-28 Ultra: Effective Group Index of Refraction (Neff) 1310 nm: 1.4676 1550 nm: 1.4682
(source, primary).
Distances run along great circles on a sphere of the IUGG mean radius, 6,371.0088 km, to Natural Earth’s 1:10m de facto boundaries, islands included; within 5 km of a boundary, the country a record names decides its side. The map draws Natural Earth’s 1:50m outlines, with the licence destinations’ 1:10m islands added; from them the page reads the other countries a reply leaves in reach and whether a record lies more than 25 km outside the country it names.
One record does, so no map or count on this page includes it.
China’s nearest point is Triton Island, Paracel Islands (NGA GEOnet Names Server, primary). Administered by China; also claimed by Vietnam and Taiwan (Natural Earth 1:10m disputed areas, v5.1.2, research).
The landmarks (571)
Each landmark is a RIPE Atlas anchor, one to a city, at the position its host supplies, as the anchor registry listed them on 8 October 2026. Nine anchors whose pings contradicted their recorded positions are left out.
The licence destinations drawn (3)
China, Hong Kong and Macao.
Macao (the EAR spells it Macau) is named alongside D:5 in the advanced-computing licence provisions of § 740.2(a)(9).
ECCN 3A090.c requires a license for exports, reexports, and transfers (in-country) to or within Macau or destinations specified in Country Group D:5eCFR · primary
In this rule the Bureau of Industry and Security (BIS) amends the Export Administration Regulations (EAR) to remove the People's Republic of China (PRC or China) Special Administrative Region of Hong Kong from the list of destinations in the EAR.Source · primary
The class below (3A090.b) needs a licence for the United Arab Emirates and the country groups headed “National Security”, “Missile Technology” and “U.S. Arms Embargoed Countries”, less any destination also in Country Groups A:5 or A:6 (Commerce Control List).
Where the border is close
Eight records placed at their facilities lie so near a licence destination that only a reply under 0.5 ms through fibre rules it out, and seven more placed at a city centre may; at light speed, five of the eight would need a reply quicker than any plain ping measured between anchors under 10 km apart.
- Under 0.5 ms, within 52 km · 8
- 0.5 to 2 ms, within 205 km · 66
- Under 0.5 ms: 7; 0.5 to 2 ms: 17. Placed at a city centre: distance from that centre
- A number counts the records drawn as one mark; press the mark to list them
- Quickest plain pings between anchors under 10 km apart, fastest 1% to median
- The quickest of them: 0.235 ms
- Inside a destination
- Under 0.5 ms
- 0.5–2 ms
- 2–10 ms
- Over 10 ms
- At a city centre
| Record | Nearest licence destination | Distance | Reply needed, through fibre | at light speed |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Delska EU North Vilnius LT DC3, Lithuania | Belarus | · 27.2 km | · 0.266 ms | · 0.181 ms |
| Equinix SL4 - Seoul, South Korea | North Korea | · 30.8 km | · 0.301 ms | · 0.205 ms |
| Digital Realty ICN10 - Seoul, South Korea | North Korea | · 31.7 km | · 0.310 ms | · 0.211 ms |
| Equinix SL1 - Seoul, South Korea | North Korea | · 32.1 km | · 0.314 ms | · 0.214 ms |
| Google Hamina Data Center, Finland | Russia | · 33.4 km | · 0.326 ms | · 0.222 ms |
More records under 2 ms through fibre (69)
| Record | Nearest licence destination | Distance | Reply needed, through fibre | at light speed |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| KINX Gasan, South Korea | North Korea | · 40.5 km | · 0.397 ms | · 0.270 ms |
| NetRealty SEL1 - Gasan, South Korea | North Korea | · 41.1 km | · 0.402 ms | · 0.274 ms |
| KINX Dogok, South Korea | North Korea | · 49.3 km | · 0.482 ms | · 0.328 ms |
| Ovio, Armenia | Iran | · 55.4 km | · 0.542 ms | · 0.369 ms |
| NewTelco Kiev, Ukraine | Belarus | · 76.3 km | · 0.746 ms | · 0.508 ms |
| BeMobile, Ukraine | Belarus | · 82.6 km | · 0.809 ms | · 0.551 ms |
| Datagroup Kiev, Ukraine | Belarus | · 87.4 km | · 0.855 ms | · 0.582 ms |
| KievNet/L9, Ukraine | Belarus | · 87.8 km | · 0.860 ms | · 0.585 ms |
| TSUA, Ukraine | Belarus | · 87.8 km | · 0.860 ms | · 0.586 ms |
| 9 Leontovicha, Ukraine | Belarus | · 87.9 km | · 0.860 ms | · 0.586 ms |
| TOPNET/UA/Leontovicha9, Ukraine | Belarus | · 87.9 km | · 0.860 ms | · 0.586 ms |
| Ucomline Kiev, Ukraine | Belarus | · 87.9 km | · 0.860 ms | · 0.586 ms |
| Omega Telecom Kyiv, Ukraine | Belarus | · 87.9 km | · 0.860 ms | · 0.586 ms |
| Data Center Ukr-Com, Ukraine | Belarus | · 89.7 km | · 0.878 ms | · 0.598 ms |
| datamena DXA - Dubai, United Arab Emirates | Iran | · 93.2 km | · 0.913 ms | · 0.622 ms |
| Equinix DX1 - Dubai, United Arab Emirates | Iran | · 93.4 km | · 0.915 ms | · 0.623 ms |
| CEMO DC, Dominican Republic | Haiti | · 102.1 km | · 1.000 ms | · 0.681 ms |
| MTIT Building 01, Palestine | Syria | · 104.2 km | · 1.020 ms | · 0.695 ms |
| Equinix HE5 - Helsinki, Viikinmäki, Finland | Russia | · 109.4 km | · 1.071 ms | · 0.729 ms |
| Hetzner Online HEL1 (Helsinki), Finland | Russia | · 109.5 km | · 1.072 ms | · 0.730 ms |
| Equinix HE3 - Helsinki, Suvilahti, Finland | Russia | · 109.8 km | · 1.075 ms | · 0.732 ms |
| MedOne PT1 (Petach Tikva), Israel | Syria | · 111.2 km | · 1.089 ms | · 0.742 ms |
| Bezeq International Shacham Data Center, Israel | Syria | · 111.8 km | · 1.095 ms | · 0.746 ms |
| Digita Helsinki Pasila Broadcasting Tower, Finland | Russia | · 112.7 km | · 1.103 ms | · 0.751 ms |
| LUMI Supercomputer (CSC Finland) | Russia | · 112.7 km | · 1.103 ms | · 0.751 ms |
| LUMI (EuroHPC), Finland | Russia | · 112.8 km | · 1.104 ms | · 0.752 ms |
| LocalNet Lauttasaari (Nebula), Finland | Russia | · 114.4 km | · 1.120 ms | · 0.763 ms |
| Telia Helsinki Datacenter, Finland | Russia | · 115.2 km | · 1.128 ms | · 0.768 ms |
| Equinix HE4 - Helsinki, Hansa, Finland | Russia | · 118.3 km | · 1.158 ms | · 0.788 ms |
| Innopoli, Finland | Russia | · 118.4 km | · 1.159 ms | · 0.789 ms |
| Equinix HE6 - Helsinki, Sinimäki, Finland | Russia | · 120.6 km | · 1.181 ms | · 0.804 ms |
| Equinix HE7 - Helsinki, Sinimäki, Finland | Russia | · 120.7 km | · 1.182 ms | · 0.805 ms |
| MEVSPACE DC-1, Poland | Belarus | · 123.2 km | · 1.206 ms | · 0.821 ms |
| Telehouse - Hanoi, Vietnam | China | · 137.8 km | · 1.349 ms | · 0.919 ms |
| ATMAN Data Center Warsaw-1 (WAW-1, Grochowska 21A), Poland | Belarus | · 139.2 km | · 1.363 ms | · 0.928 ms |
| INFONET DC, Estonia | Russia | · 142.8 km | · 1.398 ms | · 0.952 ms |
| Telia Telehouse KJJ, Estonia | Russia | · 142.8 km | · 1.398 ms | · 0.952 ms |
| DC 11.11, Poland | Belarus | · 144.9 km | · 1.418 ms | · 0.966 ms |
| Netia Warsaw (WARSC001), Poland | Belarus | · 146.3 km | · 1.432 ms | · 0.975 ms |
| Orange Polska / Warsaw św. Barbary 10, Poland | Belarus | · 147.0 km | · 1.439 ms | · 0.980 ms |
| Orange Polska // Warszawa, Poland | Belarus | · 147.0 km | · 1.439 ms | · 0.980 ms |
| NT Bangrak Tower, Thailand | Myanmar | · 147.2 km | · 1.441 ms | · 0.982 ms |
| LIM Warsaw, Poland | Belarus | · 147.2 km | · 1.442 ms | · 0.982 ms |
| 1-DC EU, Poland | Belarus | · 147.3 km | · 1.443 ms | · 0.982 ms |
| Equinix WA1 - Warsaw, Centrum LIM, Poland | Belarus | · 147.3 km | · 1.443 ms | · 0.983 ms |
| EdgeConneX Warsaw (EDCWAW01), Poland | Belarus | · 147.6 km | · 1.446 ms | · 0.984 ms |
| ATMAN Data Center Warsaw-2 (WAW-2, Konstruktorska 5), Poland | Belarus | · 148.1 km | · 1.450 ms | · 0.987 ms |
| Equinix WA2 - Warsaw, Poland | Belarus | · 148.1 km | · 1.450 ms | · 0.988 ms |
| JasTel Data Center (Thailand) | Myanmar | · 149.3 km | · 1.462 ms | · 0.995 ms |
| Arise IDC - Bangkok North 1, Thailand | Myanmar | · 152.4 km | · 1.492 ms | · 1.016 ms |
| Arise IDC - Bangkok Central 1, Thailand | Myanmar | · 153.2 km | · 1.500 ms | · 1.021 ms |
| Equinix WA3 - Warsaw, Poland | Belarus | · 153.3 km | · 1.501 ms | · 1.022 ms |
| Telehouse – Bangkok, Thailand | Myanmar | · 153.4 km | · 1.502 ms | · 1.023 ms |
| CS LoxInfo Data Center - CW Tower, Thailand | Myanmar | · 153.6 km | · 1.504 ms | · 1.024 ms |
| Warsaw Data Hub, Poland | Belarus | · 157.9 km | · 1.546 ms | · 1.053 ms |
| STT Bangkok 1, Thailand | Myanmar | · 157.9 km | · 1.546 ms | · 1.053 ms |
| Netia Data Center MIND, Poland | Belarus | · 158.0 km | · 1.547 ms | · 1.053 ms |
| TCC Technology Data Center- Bangkok,Thailand (TCC BNDC,TCC Bangna,TCCtech) | Myanmar | · 160.4 km | · 1.570 ms | · 1.069 ms |
| NTT Bangkok 1 Data Center (BKK1), Thailand | Myanmar | · 160.4 km | · 1.571 ms | · 1.070 ms |
| Stargate UAE (OpenAI/G42/Oracle), United Arab Emirates | Iran | · 163.2 km | · 1.598 ms | · 1.088 ms |
| CHT Taipei Banqiao IDC, Taiwan | China | · 170.2 km | · 1.666 ms | · 1.135 ms |
| ETIX Bangkok #1, Thailand | Myanmar | · 173.1 km | · 1.695 ms | · 1.154 ms |
| Arise IDC - Bangkok East 1, Thailand | Myanmar | · 177.3 km | · 1.736 ms | · 1.182 ms |
| Chief HD Building Taipei, Taiwan | China | · 179.2 km | · 1.755 ms | · 1.195 ms |
| Chief LY Building Taipei, Taiwan | China | · 179.3 km | · 1.755 ms | · 1.195 ms |
| UARNet Lviv, Ukraine | Belarus | · 188.8 km | · 1.849 ms | · 1.259 ms |
| DNA Oulu Torikatu, Finland | Russia | · 193.6 km | · 1.895 ms | · 1.291 ms |
| NTT Bangkok 2 Data Center (BKK2), Thailand | Myanmar | · 201.3 km | · 1.971 ms | · 1.342 ms |
| center3 JED2 - Jeddah, Saudi Arabia | Sudan | · 201.9 km | · 1.977 ms | · 1.346 ms |
Host countries and territories, by reply class (58)
| Country or territory | Records | Inside a licence destination | Under 0.5 ms | 0.5 to 2 ms | 2 to 10 ms | Nearest |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| China | 23 records | 23 inside | · under 0.5 ms | · at 0.5 to 2 ms | · at 2 to 10 ms | All inside |
| Hong Kong | 32 records | 32 inside | · under 0.5 ms | · at 0.5 to 2 ms | · at 2 to 10 ms | All inside |
| Russia | 31 records | 31 inside | · under 0.5 ms | · at 0.5 to 2 ms | · at 2 to 10 ms | All inside |
| Venezuela | 1 record | 1 inside | · under 0.5 ms | · at 0.5 to 2 ms | · at 2 to 10 ms | All inside |
| Lithuania | 1 record | · inside | 1 under 0.5 ms | · at 0.5 to 2 ms | · at 2 to 10 ms | 27 km from Belarus |
| South Korea | 13 records | · inside | 12 under 0.5 ms | · at 0.5 to 2 ms | 1 at 2 to 10 ms | 31 km from North Korea |
| Finland | 17 records | · inside | 2 under 0.5 ms | 13 at 0.5 to 2 ms | 2 at 2 to 10 ms | 33 km from Russia |
| Armenia | 1 record | · inside | · under 0.5 ms | 1 at 0.5 to 2 ms | · at 2 to 10 ms | 55 km from Iran |
| United Arab Emirates | 8 records | · inside | · under 0.5 ms | 8 at 0.5 to 2 ms | · at 2 to 10 ms | 76 km from Iran |
| Ukraine | 12 records | · inside | · under 0.5 ms | 11 at 0.5 to 2 ms | 1 at 2 to 10 ms | 76 km from Belarus |
| Dominican Republic | 1 record | · inside | · under 0.5 ms | 1 at 0.5 to 2 ms | · at 2 to 10 ms | 102 km from Haiti |
| Palestine | 1 record | · inside | · under 0.5 ms | 1 at 0.5 to 2 ms | · at 2 to 10 ms | 104 km from Syria |
| Israel | 6 records | · inside | · under 0.5 ms | 6 at 0.5 to 2 ms | · at 2 to 10 ms | 111 km from Syria |
| Poland | 24 records | · inside | · under 0.5 ms | 18 at 0.5 to 2 ms | 6 at 2 to 10 ms | 123 km from Belarus |
| Vietnam | 2 records | · inside | · under 0.5 ms | 1 at 0.5 to 2 ms | 1 at 2 to 10 ms | 138 km from China |
| Estonia | 2 records | · inside | · under 0.5 ms | 2 at 0.5 to 2 ms | · at 2 to 10 ms | 143 km from Russia |
| Thailand | 14 records | · inside | · under 0.5 ms | 14 at 0.5 to 2 ms | · at 2 to 10 ms | 146 km from Myanmar |
| Taiwan | 5 records | · inside | · under 0.5 ms | 5 at 0.5 to 2 ms | · at 2 to 10 ms | 158 km from China |
| Saudi Arabia | 4 records | · inside | · under 0.5 ms | 2 at 0.5 to 2 ms | 2 at 2 to 10 ms | 200 km from Sudan |
| Latvia | 2 records | · inside | · under 0.5 ms | · at 0.5 to 2 ms | 2 at 2 to 10 ms | 205 km from Russia |
| Bahrain | 1 record | · inside | · under 0.5 ms | · at 0.5 to 2 ms | 1 at 2 to 10 ms | 206 km from Iran |
| Colombia | 7 records | · inside | · under 0.5 ms | · at 0.5 to 2 ms | 7 at 2 to 10 ms | 229 km from Venezuela |
| Qatar | 3 records | · inside | · under 0.5 ms | · at 0.5 to 2 ms | 3 at 2 to 10 ms | 237 km from Iran |
| India | 62 records | · inside | · under 0.5 ms | · at 0.5 to 2 ms | 18 at 2 to 10 ms | 265 km from China |
| United States | 845 records | · inside | · under 0.5 ms | · at 0.5 to 2 ms | 32 at 2 to 10 ms | 286 km from Cuba |
| Bangladesh | 3 records | · inside | · under 0.5 ms | · at 0.5 to 2 ms | 3 at 2 to 10 ms | 290 km from Myanmar |
| Angola | 1 record | · inside | · under 0.5 ms | · at 0.5 to 2 ms | 1 at 2 to 10 ms | 328 km from DR Congo |
| Kenya | 6 records | · inside | · under 0.5 ms | · at 0.5 to 2 ms | 6 at 2 to 10 ms | 331 km from Somalia |
| Moldova | 1 record | · inside | · under 0.5 ms | · at 0.5 to 2 ms | 1 at 2 to 10 ms | 332 km from Russia |
| Greece | 8 records | · inside | · under 0.5 ms | · at 0.5 to 2 ms | 8 at 2 to 10 ms | 354 km from Libya |
| Puerto Rico | 2 records | · inside | · under 0.5 ms | · at 0.5 to 2 ms | 2 at 2 to 10 ms | 396 km from Venezuela |
| Mozambique | 1 record | · inside | · under 0.5 ms | · at 0.5 to 2 ms | 1 at 2 to 10 ms | 420 km from Zimbabwe |
| Czech Republic | 9 records | · inside | · under 0.5 ms | · at 0.5 to 2 ms | 9 at 2 to 10 ms | 426 km from Belarus |
| South Africa | 21 records | · inside | · under 0.5 ms | · at 0.5 to 2 ms | 15 at 2 to 10 ms | 431 km from Zimbabwe |
| Sweden | 20 records | · inside | · under 0.5 ms | · at 0.5 to 2 ms | 20 at 2 to 10 ms | 440 km from Russia |
| Germany | 111 records | · inside | · under 0.5 ms | · at 0.5 to 2 ms | 110 at 2 to 10 ms | 463 km from Russia |
| Denmark | 7 records | · inside | · under 0.5 ms | · at 0.5 to 2 ms | 7 at 2 to 10 ms | 468 km from Russia |
| Turkey | 19 records | · inside | · under 0.5 ms | · at 0.5 to 2 ms | 19 at 2 to 10 ms | 495 km from Syria |
| Panama | 1 record | · inside | · under 0.5 ms | · at 0.5 to 2 ms | 1 at 2 to 10 ms | 497 km from Nicaragua |
| Romania | 5 records | · inside | · under 0.5 ms | · at 0.5 to 2 ms | 5 at 2 to 10 ms | 511 km from Russia |
| Egypt | 1 record | · inside | · under 0.5 ms | · at 0.5 to 2 ms | 1 at 2 to 10 ms | 512 km from Lebanon |
| Hungary | 6 records | · inside | · under 0.5 ms | · at 0.5 to 2 ms | 6 at 2 to 10 ms | 532 km from Belarus |
| Italy | 40 records | · inside | · under 0.5 ms | · at 0.5 to 2 ms | 8 at 2 to 10 ms | 574 km from Libya |
| Slovakia | 2 records | · inside | · under 0.5 ms | · at 0.5 to 2 ms | 2 at 2 to 10 ms | 597 km from Belarus |
| Tanzania | 1 record | · inside | · under 0.5 ms | · at 0.5 to 2 ms | 1 at 2 to 10 ms | 621 km from Somalia |
| Austria | 14 records | · inside | · under 0.5 ms | · at 0.5 to 2 ms | 14 at 2 to 10 ms | 628 km from Belarus |
| Bulgaria | 10 records | · inside | · under 0.5 ms | · at 0.5 to 2 ms | 10 at 2 to 10 ms | 641 km from Russia |
| Indonesia | 68 records | · inside | · under 0.5 ms | · at 0.5 to 2 ms | 1 at 2 to 10 ms | 693 km from Myanmar |
| Norway | 11 records | · inside | · under 0.5 ms | · at 0.5 to 2 ms | 10 at 2 to 10 ms | 752 km from Russia |
| Japan | 43 records | · inside | · under 0.5 ms | · at 0.5 to 2 ms | 43 at 2 to 10 ms | 767 km from North Korea |
| Serbia | 2 records | · inside | · under 0.5 ms | · at 0.5 to 2 ms | 2 at 2 to 10 ms | 782 km from Belarus |
| Slovenia | 1 record | · inside | · under 0.5 ms | · at 0.5 to 2 ms | 1 at 2 to 10 ms | 799 km from Belarus |
| Nigeria | 7 records | · inside | · under 0.5 ms | · at 0.5 to 2 ms | 1 at 2 to 10 ms | 833 km from Central African Republic |
| Malaysia | 12 records | · inside | · under 0.5 ms | · at 0.5 to 2 ms | 7 at 2 to 10 ms | 837 km from Myanmar |
| Netherlands | 79 records | · inside | · under 0.5 ms | · at 0.5 to 2 ms | 65 at 2 to 10 ms | 841 km from Russia |
| Croatia | 3 records | · inside | · under 0.5 ms | · at 0.5 to 2 ms | 3 at 2 to 10 ms | 848 km from Belarus |
| Philippines | 9 records | · inside | · under 0.5 ms | · at 0.5 to 2 ms | 8 at 2 to 10 ms | 914 km from China |
| Albania | 1 record | · inside | · under 0.5 ms | · at 0.5 to 2 ms | 1 at 2 to 10 ms | 947 km from Libya |
| 23 more countries or territories hold 622 records, all over 10 ms through fibre. | ||||||
Placed at a city centre (24)
The register places each of these records at a city or district centre, so its distance to the border is unknown; each distance below runs from its centre.
- GCP Europe North 1, Finland · 32.8 km from its city centre to Russia
- NHN Cloud Yangpyeong AI Data Center, South Korea · 35.9 km from its city centre to North Korea
- AWS Asia Pacific (Seoul), South Korea · 38.6 km from its city centre to North Korea
- AZURE Korea Central, South Korea · 38.6 km from its city centre to North Korea
- GCP Asia Northeast 3, South Korea · 38.6 km from its city centre to North Korea
- OCI South Korea Central (Seoul) · 38.6 km from its city centre to North Korea
- OCI South Korea North (Chuncheon) · 46.3 km from its city centre to North Korea
- AWS Middle East (UAE), United Arab Emirates · 76.1 km from its city centre to Iran
- AZURE UAE North, United Arab Emirates · 76.1 km from its city centre to Iran
- OCI UAE East (Dubai), United Arab Emirates · 76.1 km from its city centre to Iran
- OCI Israel Central (Jerusalem) · 115.6 km from its city centre to Syria
- AWS Israel (Tel Aviv) · 115.6 km from its city centre to Lebanon
- AZURE Israel Central · 115.6 km from its city centre to Lebanon
- GCP Middle East West 1, Israel · 115.6 km from its city centre to Lebanon
- AWS Asia Pacific (Thailand) · 145.8 km from its city centre to Myanmar
- GCP Asia Southeast 3, Thailand · 145.8 km from its city centre to Myanmar
- AZURE Poland Central · 146.7 km from its city centre to Belarus
- GCP Europe Central 2, Poland · 146.7 km from its city centre to Belarus
- OVHcloud WAW-1, Poland · 146.7 km from its city centre to Belarus
- GCP Asia East 1, Taiwan · 158.2 km from its city centre to China
- AZURE UAE Central, United Arab Emirates · 160.9 km from its city centre to Iran
- OCI UAE Central (Abu Dhabi), United Arab Emirates · 160.9 km from its city centre to Iran
- AWS Asia Pacific (Taipei), Taiwan · 179.3 km from its city centre to China
- OCI Saudi Arabia West (Jeddah) · 200.5 km from its city centre to Sudan
The time real networks add
Over 100 km, the median pair of anchors took 2.24 times the fibre floor to answer, so a radius read from an ordinary reply comes out 2.24 times the true distance.
Contains RIPE Atlas measurement data (anchor mesh ping, IPv4) from the RIPE NCC, https://atlas.ripe.net/. Anchor coordinates are supplied by anchor hosts.
| Distance | Pairs | Median | Middle half | 5th to 95th percentile |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 50–100 km | 44 | ×7.83 | ×3.76 to ×17.86 | ×2.26 to ×28.32 |
| 100–250 km | 282 | ×6.05 | ×3.08 to ×11.42 | ×2.06 to ×31.30 |
| 250–500 km | 996 | ×3.69 | ×2.51 to ×6.25 | ×1.87 to ×20.14 |
| 500–1,000 km | 2,560 | ×3.32 | ×2.48 to ×4.82 | ×1.81 to ×13.81 |
| 1,000–2,000 km | 5,780 | ×2.92 | ×2.34 to ×4.00 | ×1.82 to ×11.17 |
| 2,000–4,000 km | 9,316 | ×2.75 | ×2.16 to ×4.11 | ×1.65 to ×8.13 |
| 4,000–8,000 km | 21,696 | ×2.64 | ×1.95 to ×3.62 | ×1.49 to ×5.37 |
| 8,000–12,000 km | 26,310 | ×2.06 | ×1.76 to ×2.56 | ×1.52 to ×3.59 |
| 12,000–20,100 km | 16,482 | ×1.87 | ×1.65 to ×2.16 | ×1.41 to ×2.76 |
A chip must also sign the challenge, and these plain pings exclude that time, so a chip’s distance bound is looser than a ping’s; against a funded adversary, only the light-speed floor holds.
None of the 1,093 live RIPE Atlas anchors stood in mainland China on 7 October 2026, so the mesh cannot time a single reply from inside it.
Set aside in cleaning: 20 pairs and 9 anchors
16 directed pairs replied faster than light allows over their recorded distance, and another 4 beat the floor for solid-core silica fibre (group index 1.4606, the lowest on the 8 datasheets read). Those pairs, and the 9 anchors whose recorded positions they put in doubt, were set aside. The fibre floor drawn uses group index 1.4682, the instrument’s; a pair counted as too fast only if it beat the fastest fibre on the datasheets.
Why a relay can only add time
The perceived delay cannot be decreased
(Gill and colleagues on evading delay-based location, 2010). The bound requires a fresh, unpredictable challenge timed on the verifier’s clock. The Stack page traces which mechanisms depend on the key staying in the chip.
Routes alleged in diversion cases
On four of the five routes with a declared country, the light-speed floor is 5.5 ms or more, while half the anchor pairs under 10 km apart answered within 1.2 ms; on Taiwan to China the floor is 0.98 ms, inside that 1.2 ms.
Least round trip between the declared country’s nearest landmark and a chip anywhere in the alleged destination: at light speed, through fibre.
Quickest plain pings between anchors under 10 km apart, fastest 1% to median, measured worldwide.
The routes follow allegations in the cited charging documents. A defendant who has not pleaded guilty or been convicted is presumed innocent.
- Taiwan to China0.98–1.4 ms, at light speed and through fibre; on the light-speed floor the least reply falls inside the range of the quickest pings between anchors under 10 km apart
- Thailand to China5.5–8.1 ms, at light speed and through fibre; on the light-speed floor the least reply takes longer than the median of the quickest pings between anchors under 10 km apart
- Malaysia to China11–17 ms, at light speed and through fibre; on the light-speed floor the least reply takes longer than the median of the quickest pings between anchors under 10 km apart
- Singapore to China12–17 ms, at light speed and through fibre; on the light-speed floor the least reply takes longer than the median of the quickest pings between anchors under 10 km apart
- United States to China and Hong Kong46–68 ms, at light speed and through fibre; on the light-speed floor the least reply takes longer than the median of the quickest pings between anchors under 10 km apart
- Southeast Asia (country not named in the filings) to ChinaNot named
Which cases are drawn (7)
Of the 9 diversion cases reviewed (6–8 October 2026), 7 name a declared and an alleged destination, 6 of them both as countries. The 7 cases fill 10 lines on 6 routes, since 3 of them name two declared countries and appear on the route from each.
Where the method stands in law
Three texts in the policy register name ping checks: two pending and one unenforced since May 2025, as read on 6 October 2026.
| Instrument | Provision | Status |
|---|---|---|
| Chip Security Act H.R. 3447 (119th Congress) | (C) ping-based location verification through a trusted landmark server utilizing secure software- or firmware-enabled mechanisms; orAmendment in the nature of a substitute (ANS) #2, Sec. 3(2)(C), printed p. 4, as ordered reported · Source · primary | Pending · CBO cost estimate listed, 1 May 2026 |
| Chip Security Act, offered as Subtitle H of Title X to the FY2027 NDAA (S.Amdt. 6105 to S. 4784) | (C) except in the case of a covered integrated circuit product whose sole or principal function is memory or storage, ping-based location verification through a trusted landmark server utilizing secure software- or firmware-enabled mechanisms; orCong. Rec. S3313, Sec. 1096(2)(C) · Source · primary | Pending · Submitted, 24 June 2026 |
| Framework for Artificial Intelligence Diffusion 90 FR 4544 (pp. 4544–4584) | (NVEU applicants only) An overview of the applicant's ability to verify that items subject to the license requirement in Sec. 742.6(a)(6)(iii) have not been moved from the specific country authorized for export or reexport by the NVEU (e.g. from the ping times to nearby secure servers);90 FR 4565, supp. no. 8 to part 748, para. B(11) · Source · primary | Ended or unenforced · Printed in the eCFR as of 5 October 2026, unenforced since May 2025 |