{
  "_format": "scrutica-export-v1",
  "metadata": {
    "title": "Abqaiq 2.0: Saudi Grid and Compute Co-Location: Petroleum and desalination sites",
    "exported_at": "2026-11-11T16:55:44.323Z",
    "page_url": "https://scrutica.com/scenarios/abqaiq-2",
    "methodology_url": "https://scrutica.com/methodology",
    "license": "See https://scrutica.com/about for current license terms",
    "citation": "Scrutica (2026). Abqaiq 2.0: Saudi Grid and Compute Co-Location: Petroleum and desalination sites. Retrieved November 11, 2026, from https://scrutica.com/scenarios/abqaiq-2",
    "record_count": 7,
    "processing": "Pairs inside the 200 km distance screen are grouped by their assigned shared substation, shared grid zone or proximity across different zones. The distance screen is an editorial choice applied before rounding (distance strictly less than 200 km), not a blast radius or an outage-propagation model. Substation assignments include inferred connections. The assessment does not simulate electrical failures or backup power. 4 authored cases retain their disruption assumptions; scenario outage descriptions are assumptions, not calculated forecasts. Missing capacities, generation and backup duration remain unknown, never zero. The former defense-gap circles, site-hardening classifications, severity equation and future-risk predictions were withdrawn. Export time is not source vintage; event dates are preserved separately from unknown per-record source vintages.",
    "provenance_fields": {
      "is_estimated": "A per-record flag, set by the pipeline step that last wrote it, under that step’s own rule. True means that step judged the record estimated, on grounds that include a modeled, derived or inferred value, an unconfirmed record and a secondary source. False means no such judgment is recorded; it is not a verification. Read the flag with the record’s authority tier.",
      "data_source": "primary data source for this record",
      "source_url": "direct URL to the primary source, when available",
      "authority_tier": "reliability rating: 1=primary filing, 2=research DB, 3=press/analyst, 4=Scrutica-inferred, 5=unverified",
      "estimation_method": "how estimated values were derived (reported, hardware_derived, power_derived, cost_imputed, benchmark_inferred, cross_source_reconciled, editorial, aggregated)",
      "data_vintage": "when the underlying source data was originally produced (not when Scrutica accessed it)"
    },
    "data_sources": [
      {
        "name": "Saudi Energy Infrastructure",
        "url": "https://www.aramco.com/",
        "authority_tier": 1,
        "tier_label": "Primary filing (SEC, government, company disclosure)"
      },
      {
        "name": "Aramco Disclosures",
        "url": "https://www.aramco.com/en/investors",
        "authority_tier": 1,
        "tier_label": "Primary filing (SEC, government, company disclosure)"
      },
      {
        "name": "Aramco restoration statement, 17 September 2019",
        "url": "https://www.aramco.com/en/news-media/news/2019/saudi-aramco-swiftly-restores-production-capacity",
        "authority_tier": 1,
        "tier_label": "Primary filing (SEC, government, company disclosure)"
      },
      {
        "name": "Scrutica facilities register",
        "url": "/methodology",
        "authority_tier": 2,
        "tier_label": "Research database (Epoch AI, CSET, etc.)"
      },
      {
        "name": "AWS Saudi Arabia Region announcement, 2026-08-31: https://www.aboutamazon.com/news/aws/aws-cloud-region-saudi-arabia",
        "url": "https://www.aboutamazon.com/news/aws/aws-cloud-region-saudi-arabia",
        "authority_tier": 1,
        "tier_label": "Primary filing (SEC, government, company disclosure)"
      },
      {
        "name": "Google Cloud regional catalogue (region identity): https://status.cloud.google.com/regional/middle-east",
        "url": "https://status.cloud.google.com/regional/middle-east",
        "authority_tier": 1,
        "tier_label": "Primary filing (SEC, government, company disclosure)"
      },
      {
        "name": "Oracle region history: https://www.oracle.com/sa/cloud/cloud-regions/riyadh/",
        "url": "https://www.oracle.com/sa/cloud/cloud-regions/riyadh/",
        "authority_tier": 1,
        "tier_label": "Primary filing (SEC, government, company disclosure)"
      },
      {
        "name": "Oracle release note, 2024-07-31: https://docs.oracle.com/en-us/iaas/releasenotes/changes/45cb2bf5-290f-40fb-af89-b7b9455f35fe/index.htm",
        "url": "https://docs.oracle.com/en-us/iaas/releasenotes/changes/45cb2bf5-290f-40fb-af89-b7b9455f35fe/index.htm",
        "authority_tier": 1,
        "tier_label": "Primary filing (SEC, government, company disclosure)"
      },
      {
        "name": "DataVolt–MODON project announcement, 2025-02-20 (project context; existing coordinates and construction status remain unverified): https://data-volt.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/DataVolt-x-MODON-Press-Release.pdf",
        "url": "https://data-volt.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/DataVolt-x-MODON-Press-Release.pdf",
        "authority_tier": 3,
        "tier_label": "Press / analyst report"
      },
      {
        "name": "Incident history: Aramco, https://www.aramco.com/en/news-media/news/2019/incidents-at-abqaiq-and-khurais and https://www.aramco.com/en/news-media/news/2019/saudi-aramco-swiftly-restores-production-capacity. Other facility metadata: Aramco 2019 disclosure; UN Panel of Experts S/2020/326; CSIS.",
        "url": "https://www.aramco.com/en/news-media/news/2019/incidents-at-abqaiq-and-khurais",
        "authority_tier": 1,
        "tier_label": "Primary filing (SEC, government, company disclosure)"
      },
      {
        "name": "Incident history: GCC Ministerial Council, March 2021, https://www.spa.gov.sa/w1526436. Other facility metadata: Reuters; Aramco.",
        "url": "https://www.spa.gov.sa/w1526436",
        "authority_tier": 2,
        "tier_label": "Research database (Epoch AI, CSET, etc.)"
      },
      {
        "name": "Incident history: Aramco Annual Report 2019, p. 53, https://www.aramco.com/-/media/publications/corporate-reports/annual-reports/saudi-aramco-ara-2019-english.pdf#page=55. Other facility metadata: Reuters; Aramco.",
        "url": "https://www.aramco.com/-/media/publications/corporate-reports/annual-reports/saudi-aramco-ara-2019-english.pdf#page=55",
        "authority_tier": 2,
        "tier_label": "Research database (Epoch AI, CSET, etc.)"
      },
      {
        "name": "Saudi Ministry of Energy, 25 March 2022, via SPA",
        "url": "https://www.spa.gov.sa/2340735",
        "authority_tier": 1,
        "tier_label": "Primary filing (SEC, government, company disclosure)"
      }
    ]
  },
  "data": [
    {
      "id": "pet-abqaiq",
      "name": "Abqaiq Processing Facility",
      "type": "processing",
      "lat": 25.94,
      "lng": 49.68,
      "capacityBpd": 7000000,
      "gridZone": "eastern",
      "previouslyAttacked": true,
      "attackHistory": "Aramco reported an attack on Abqaiq on 14 September 2019, alongside Khurais. The combined initial interruption was 5.7 million barrels per day; partial restoration was reported on 17 September.",
      "source": "Incident history: Aramco, https://www.aramco.com/en/news-media/news/2019/incidents-at-abqaiq-and-khurais and https://www.aramco.com/en/news-media/news/2019/saudi-aramco-swiftly-restores-production-capacity. Other facility metadata: Aramco 2019 disclosure; UN Panel of Experts S/2020/326; CSIS.",
      "authorityTier": 1,
      "is_estimated": false,
      "data_source": "Incident history: Aramco, https://www.aramco.com/en/news-media/news/2019/incidents-at-abqaiq-and-khurais and https://www.aramco.com/en/news-media/news/2019/saudi-aramco-swiftly-restores-production-capacity. Other facility metadata: Aramco 2019 disclosure; UN Panel of Experts S/2020/326; CSIS.",
      "source_url": null,
      "source_urls": [
        "https://www.aramco.com/en/news-media/news/2019/incidents-at-abqaiq-and-khurais",
        "https://www.aramco.com/en/news-media/news/2019/saudi-aramco-swiftly-restores-production-capacity"
      ],
      "authority_tier": 1,
      "data_vintage": null
    },
    {
      "id": "pet-khurais",
      "name": "Khurais Oil Field",
      "type": "processing",
      "lat": 25.07,
      "lng": 48.15,
      "capacityBpd": 1500000,
      "gridZone": "eastern",
      "previouslyAttacked": true,
      "attackHistory": "Attacked alongside Abqaiq on 14 September 2019. Aramco reported a combined production interruption and subsequent restoration; the combined figure is not a Khurais-only loss.",
      "source": "Incident history: Aramco, https://www.aramco.com/en/news-media/news/2019/incidents-at-abqaiq-and-khurais and https://www.aramco.com/en/news-media/news/2019/saudi-aramco-swiftly-restores-production-capacity. Other facility metadata: Aramco 2019 disclosure; CSIS.",
      "authorityTier": 1,
      "is_estimated": false,
      "data_source": "Incident history: Aramco, https://www.aramco.com/en/news-media/news/2019/incidents-at-abqaiq-and-khurais and https://www.aramco.com/en/news-media/news/2019/saudi-aramco-swiftly-restores-production-capacity. Other facility metadata: Aramco 2019 disclosure; CSIS.",
      "source_url": null,
      "source_urls": [
        "https://www.aramco.com/en/news-media/news/2019/incidents-at-abqaiq-and-khurais",
        "https://www.aramco.com/en/news-media/news/2019/saudi-aramco-swiftly-restores-production-capacity"
      ],
      "authority_tier": 1,
      "data_vintage": null
    },
    {
      "id": "pet-ras-tanura",
      "name": "Ras Tanura Refinery & Terminal",
      "type": "refinery",
      "lat": 26.64,
      "lng": 50.16,
      "capacityBpd": 550000,
      "gridZone": "eastern",
      "previouslyAttacked": true,
      "attackHistory": "The GCC reported a drone attack on petroleum storage at Ras Tanura on 7 March 2021. Its statement separately identifies a ballistic-missile attack on Aramco facilities in Dhahran.",
      "source": "Incident history: GCC Ministerial Council, March 2021, https://www.spa.gov.sa/w1526436. Other facility metadata: Reuters; Aramco.",
      "authorityTier": 2,
      "is_estimated": false,
      "data_source": "Incident history: GCC Ministerial Council, March 2021, https://www.spa.gov.sa/w1526436. Other facility metadata: Reuters; Aramco.",
      "source_url": null,
      "source_urls": [
        "https://www.spa.gov.sa/w1526436"
      ],
      "authority_tier": 2,
      "data_vintage": null
    },
    {
      "id": "pet-yanbu",
      "name": "Yanbu Refinery",
      "type": "refinery",
      "lat": 24.11,
      "lng": 38.06,
      "capacityBpd": 400000,
      "gridZone": "western",
      "previouslyAttacked": false,
      "attackHistory": null,
      "source": "Aramco Annual Report",
      "authorityTier": 1,
      "is_estimated": false,
      "data_source": "Aramco Annual Report",
      "source_url": null,
      "source_urls": [],
      "authority_tier": 1,
      "data_vintage": null
    },
    {
      "id": "pet-jubail",
      "name": "Jubail Industrial Complex (SATORP)",
      "type": "refinery",
      "lat": 27.01,
      "lng": 49.66,
      "capacityBpd": 400000,
      "gridZone": "eastern",
      "previouslyAttacked": false,
      "attackHistory": null,
      "source": "SATORP; Saudi Aramco",
      "authorityTier": 1,
      "is_estimated": false,
      "data_source": "SATORP; Saudi Aramco",
      "source_url": null,
      "source_urls": [],
      "authority_tier": 1,
      "data_vintage": null
    },
    {
      "id": "pet-shaybah",
      "name": "Shaybah Oil Field",
      "type": "processing",
      "lat": 22.52,
      "lng": 54.02,
      "capacityBpd": 1000000,
      "gridZone": "eastern",
      "previouslyAttacked": true,
      "attackHistory": "Aramco reports that five UAVs attacked the Shaybah NGL facility on 17 August 2019, damaging processing and cogeneration infrastructure. One NGL train resumed operations within two weeks.",
      "source": "Incident history: Aramco Annual Report 2019, p. 53, https://www.aramco.com/-/media/publications/corporate-reports/annual-reports/saudi-aramco-ara-2019-english.pdf#page=55. Other facility metadata: Reuters; Aramco.",
      "authorityTier": 2,
      "is_estimated": false,
      "data_source": "Incident history: Aramco Annual Report 2019, p. 53, https://www.aramco.com/-/media/publications/corporate-reports/annual-reports/saudi-aramco-ara-2019-english.pdf#page=55. Other facility metadata: Reuters; Aramco.",
      "source_url": null,
      "source_urls": [
        "https://www.aramco.com/-/media/publications/corporate-reports/annual-reports/saudi-aramco-ara-2019-english.pdf#page=55"
      ],
      "authority_tier": 2,
      "data_vintage": null
    },
    {
      "id": "pet-jubail-desal",
      "name": "Jubail Desalination Plant",
      "type": "desalination",
      "lat": 27.02,
      "lng": 49.62,
      "capacityBpd": null,
      "gridZone": "eastern",
      "previouslyAttacked": false,
      "attackHistory": null,
      "source": "SWCC (Saline Water Conversion Corporation)",
      "authorityTier": 2,
      "is_estimated": false,
      "data_source": "SWCC (Saline Water Conversion Corporation)",
      "source_url": null,
      "source_urls": [],
      "authority_tier": 2,
      "data_vintage": null
    }
  ]
}