{
  "_format": "scrutica-export-v1",
  "metadata": {
    "title": "Abqaiq 2.0: Saudi Grid and Compute Co-Location: Data centres",
    "exported_at": "2026-11-11T16:55:44.319Z",
    "page_url": "https://scrutica.com/scenarios/abqaiq-2",
    "methodology_url": "https://scrutica.com/methodology",
    "license": "See https://scrutica.com/about for current license terms",
    "citation": "Scrutica (2026). Abqaiq 2.0: Saudi Grid and Compute Co-Location: Data centres. Retrieved November 11, 2026, from https://scrutica.com/scenarios/abqaiq-2",
    "record_count": 7,
    "processing": "Pairs inside the 200 km distance screen are grouped by their assigned shared substation, shared grid zone or proximity across different zones. The distance screen is an editorial choice applied before rounding (distance strictly less than 200 km), not a blast radius or an outage-propagation model. Substation assignments include inferred connections. The assessment does not simulate electrical failures or backup power. 4 authored cases retain their disruption assumptions; scenario outage descriptions are assumptions, not calculated forecasts. Missing capacities, generation and backup duration remain unknown, never zero. The former defense-gap circles, site-hardening classifications, severity equation and future-risk predictions were withdrawn. Export time is not source vintage; event dates are preserved separately from unknown per-record source vintages.",
    "provenance_fields": {
      "is_estimated": "A per-record flag, set by the pipeline step that last wrote it, under that step’s own rule. True means that step judged the record estimated, on grounds that include a modeled, derived or inferred value, an unconfirmed record and a secondary source. False means no such judgment is recorded; it is not a verification. Read the flag with the record’s authority tier.",
      "data_source": "primary data source for this record",
      "source_url": "direct URL to the primary source, when available",
      "authority_tier": "reliability rating: 1=primary filing, 2=research DB, 3=press/analyst, 4=Scrutica-inferred, 5=unverified",
      "estimation_method": "how estimated values were derived (reported, hardware_derived, power_derived, cost_imputed, benchmark_inferred, cross_source_reconciled, editorial, aggregated)",
      "data_vintage": "when the underlying source data was originally produced (not when Scrutica accessed it)"
    },
    "data_sources": [
      {
        "name": "Saudi Energy Infrastructure",
        "url": "https://www.aramco.com/",
        "authority_tier": 1,
        "tier_label": "Primary filing (SEC, government, company disclosure)"
      },
      {
        "name": "Aramco Disclosures",
        "url": "https://www.aramco.com/en/investors",
        "authority_tier": 1,
        "tier_label": "Primary filing (SEC, government, company disclosure)"
      },
      {
        "name": "Aramco restoration statement, 17 September 2019",
        "url": "https://www.aramco.com/en/news-media/news/2019/saudi-aramco-swiftly-restores-production-capacity",
        "authority_tier": 1,
        "tier_label": "Primary filing (SEC, government, company disclosure)"
      },
      {
        "name": "Scrutica facilities register",
        "url": "/methodology",
        "authority_tier": 2,
        "tier_label": "Research database (Epoch AI, CSET, etc.)"
      },
      {
        "name": "AWS Saudi Arabia Region announcement, 2026-08-31: https://www.aboutamazon.com/news/aws/aws-cloud-region-saudi-arabia",
        "url": "https://www.aboutamazon.com/news/aws/aws-cloud-region-saudi-arabia",
        "authority_tier": 1,
        "tier_label": "Primary filing (SEC, government, company disclosure)"
      },
      {
        "name": "Google Cloud regional catalogue (region identity): https://status.cloud.google.com/regional/middle-east",
        "url": "https://status.cloud.google.com/regional/middle-east",
        "authority_tier": 1,
        "tier_label": "Primary filing (SEC, government, company disclosure)"
      },
      {
        "name": "Oracle region history: https://www.oracle.com/sa/cloud/cloud-regions/riyadh/",
        "url": "https://www.oracle.com/sa/cloud/cloud-regions/riyadh/",
        "authority_tier": 1,
        "tier_label": "Primary filing (SEC, government, company disclosure)"
      },
      {
        "name": "Oracle release note, 2024-07-31: https://docs.oracle.com/en-us/iaas/releasenotes/changes/45cb2bf5-290f-40fb-af89-b7b9455f35fe/index.htm",
        "url": "https://docs.oracle.com/en-us/iaas/releasenotes/changes/45cb2bf5-290f-40fb-af89-b7b9455f35fe/index.htm",
        "authority_tier": 1,
        "tier_label": "Primary filing (SEC, government, company disclosure)"
      },
      {
        "name": "DataVolt–MODON project announcement, 2025-02-20 (project context; existing coordinates and construction status remain unverified): https://data-volt.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/DataVolt-x-MODON-Press-Release.pdf",
        "url": "https://data-volt.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/DataVolt-x-MODON-Press-Release.pdf",
        "authority_tier": 3,
        "tier_label": "Press / analyst report"
      },
      {
        "name": "Incident history: Aramco, https://www.aramco.com/en/news-media/news/2019/incidents-at-abqaiq-and-khurais and https://www.aramco.com/en/news-media/news/2019/saudi-aramco-swiftly-restores-production-capacity. Other facility metadata: Aramco 2019 disclosure; UN Panel of Experts S/2020/326; CSIS.",
        "url": "https://www.aramco.com/en/news-media/news/2019/incidents-at-abqaiq-and-khurais",
        "authority_tier": 1,
        "tier_label": "Primary filing (SEC, government, company disclosure)"
      },
      {
        "name": "Incident history: GCC Ministerial Council, March 2021, https://www.spa.gov.sa/w1526436. Other facility metadata: Reuters; Aramco.",
        "url": "https://www.spa.gov.sa/w1526436",
        "authority_tier": 2,
        "tier_label": "Research database (Epoch AI, CSET, etc.)"
      },
      {
        "name": "Incident history: Aramco Annual Report 2019, p. 53, https://www.aramco.com/-/media/publications/corporate-reports/annual-reports/saudi-aramco-ara-2019-english.pdf#page=55. Other facility metadata: Reuters; Aramco.",
        "url": "https://www.aramco.com/-/media/publications/corporate-reports/annual-reports/saudi-aramco-ara-2019-english.pdf#page=55",
        "authority_tier": 2,
        "tier_label": "Research database (Epoch AI, CSET, etc.)"
      },
      {
        "name": "Saudi Ministry of Energy, 25 March 2022, via SPA",
        "url": "https://www.spa.gov.sa/2340735",
        "authority_tier": 1,
        "tier_label": "Primary filing (SEC, government, company disclosure)"
      }
    ]
  },
  "data": [
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      "name": "AWS Saudi Arabia (announced region)",
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      "lng": 46.72,
      "city": "Riyadh",
      "status": "announced",
      "powerCapacityMw": null,
      "backupGenerationHours": null,
      "gridZone": "central",
      "cloudRegion": null,
      "strategicSignificance": "AWS describes its first Saudi Arabia Region as planned for December 2026. This approximate point represents the announced region; it does not locate its individual data centres.",
      "sovereign_program_country_code": null,
      "downstream_ai_compute_impact": {
        "affected_resources": [
          "AWS Saudi Arabia (announced region)"
        ],
        "scope": "cloud_region"
      },
      "source": "AWS Saudi Arabia Region announcement, 2026-08-31: https://www.aboutamazon.com/news/aws/aws-cloud-region-saudi-arabia",
      "authorityTier": 1,
      "is_estimated": true,
      "data_source": "AWS Saudi Arabia Region announcement, 2026-08-31: https://www.aboutamazon.com/news/aws/aws-cloud-region-saudi-arabia",
      "source_url": null,
      "source_urls": [
        "https://www.aboutamazon.com/news/aws/aws-cloud-region-saudi-arabia"
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      "authority_tier": 1,
      "data_vintage": null
    },
    {
      "id": "sa-google-dammam",
      "name": "Google Cloud Dammam",
      "operator": "Google Cloud",
      "lat": 26.43,
      "lng": 50.1,
      "city": "Dammam",
      "status": "operational",
      "powerCapacityMw": null,
      "backupGenerationHours": null,
      "gridZone": "eastern",
      "cloudRegion": "me-central2",
      "strategicSignificance": "Google Cloud identifies its Dammam region as me-central2.",
      "sovereign_program_country_code": null,
      "downstream_ai_compute_impact": {
        "affected_resources": [
          "google me-central2"
        ],
        "scope": "cloud_region"
      },
      "source": "Google Cloud regional catalogue (region identity): https://status.cloud.google.com/regional/middle-east",
      "authorityTier": 1,
      "is_estimated": true,
      "data_source": "Google Cloud regional catalogue (region identity): https://status.cloud.google.com/regional/middle-east",
      "source_url": null,
      "source_urls": [
        "https://status.cloud.google.com/regional/middle-east"
      ],
      "authority_tier": 1,
      "data_vintage": null
    },
    {
      "id": "sa-oracle-jeddah",
      "name": "Oracle Cloud Jeddah",
      "operator": "Oracle",
      "lat": 21.49,
      "lng": 39.19,
      "city": "Jeddah",
      "status": "operational",
      "powerCapacityMw": null,
      "backupGenerationHours": null,
      "gridZone": "western",
      "cloudRegion": "me-jeddah-1",
      "strategicSignificance": "Oracle opened its Jeddah cloud region in 2020.",
      "sovereign_program_country_code": null,
      "downstream_ai_compute_impact": {
        "affected_resources": [
          "oracle me-jeddah-1"
        ],
        "scope": "cloud_region"
      },
      "source": "Oracle region history: https://www.oracle.com/sa/cloud/cloud-regions/riyadh/",
      "authorityTier": 1,
      "is_estimated": true,
      "data_source": "Oracle region history: https://www.oracle.com/sa/cloud/cloud-regions/riyadh/",
      "source_url": null,
      "source_urls": [
        "https://www.oracle.com/sa/cloud/cloud-regions/riyadh/"
      ],
      "authority_tier": 1,
      "data_vintage": null
    },
    {
      "id": "sa-oracle-riyadh",
      "name": "Oracle Cloud Riyadh",
      "operator": "Oracle",
      "lat": 24.71,
      "lng": 46.68,
      "city": "Riyadh",
      "status": "operational",
      "powerCapacityMw": null,
      "backupGenerationHours": null,
      "gridZone": "central",
      "cloudRegion": "me-riyadh-1",
      "strategicSignificance": "Oracle made its Riyadh region, me-riyadh-1, available on 31 July 2024.",
      "sovereign_program_country_code": null,
      "downstream_ai_compute_impact": {
        "affected_resources": [
          "oracle me-riyadh-1"
        ],
        "scope": "cloud_region"
      },
      "source": "Oracle release note, 2024-07-31: https://docs.oracle.com/en-us/iaas/releasenotes/changes/45cb2bf5-290f-40fb-af89-b7b9455f35fe/index.htm",
      "authorityTier": 1,
      "is_estimated": true,
      "data_source": "Oracle release note, 2024-07-31: https://docs.oracle.com/en-us/iaas/releasenotes/changes/45cb2bf5-290f-40fb-af89-b7b9455f35fe/index.htm",
      "source_url": null,
      "source_urls": [
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      "data_vintage": null
    },
    {
      "id": "sa-stc-riyadh",
      "name": "STC Data Center (Riyadh)",
      "operator": "Saudi Telecom Company",
      "lat": 24.74,
      "lng": 46.66,
      "city": "Riyadh",
      "status": "operational",
      "powerCapacityMw": 30,
      "backupGenerationHours": 48,
      "gridZone": "central",
      "cloudRegion": null,
      "strategicSignificance": "Largest Saudi telco DC operator. STC announced 1 GW data center buildout. Government digital infrastructure.",
      "sovereign_program_country_code": null,
      "downstream_ai_compute_impact": {
        "affected_resources": [
          "STC government digital infrastructure"
        ],
        "scope": "sovereign_program"
      },
      "source": "STC annual report; DCD",
      "authorityTier": 2,
      "is_estimated": true,
      "data_source": "STC annual report; DCD",
      "source_url": null,
      "source_urls": [],
      "authority_tier": 2,
      "data_vintage": null
    },
    {
      "id": "sa-datavolt-riyadh",
      "name": "DataVolt Hyperscale (Riyadh)",
      "operator": "DataVolt",
      "lat": 24.75,
      "lng": 46.7,
      "city": "Riyadh",
      "status": "under_construction",
      "powerCapacityMw": null,
      "backupGenerationHours": null,
      "gridZone": "central",
      "cloudRegion": null,
      "strategicSignificance": "DataVolt announced a land lease with MODON on 20 February 2025 for an AI-ready data centre in east Riyadh's First Technology Park. The announcement places the project within its wider $5 billion Saudi investment; it gives no opening date for this facility.",
      "sovereign_program_country_code": null,
      "downstream_ai_compute_impact": null,
      "source": "DataVolt–MODON project announcement, 2025-02-20 (project context; existing coordinates and construction status remain unverified): https://data-volt.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/DataVolt-x-MODON-Press-Release.pdf",
      "authorityTier": 3,
      "is_estimated": true,
      "data_source": "DataVolt–MODON project announcement, 2025-02-20 (project context; existing coordinates and construction status remain unverified): https://data-volt.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/DataVolt-x-MODON-Press-Release.pdf",
      "source_url": null,
      "source_urls": [
        "https://data-volt.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/DataVolt-x-MODON-Press-Release.pdf"
      ],
      "authority_tier": 3,
      "data_vintage": null
    },
    {
      "id": "sa-aramco-dhahran",
      "name": "Aramco Digital DC (Dhahran)",
      "operator": "Saudi Aramco",
      "lat": 26.29,
      "lng": 50.14,
      "city": "Dhahran",
      "status": "operational",
      "powerCapacityMw": null,
      "backupGenerationHours": null,
      "gridZone": "eastern",
      "cloudRegion": null,
      "strategicSignificance": "Aramco corporate data center. Co-located with Aramco HQ. Eastern Province grid. Houses Aramco operational technology and digital twin systems.",
      "sovereign_program_country_code": null,
      "downstream_ai_compute_impact": {
        "affected_resources": [
          "Aramco operational technology / digital twin systems"
        ],
        "scope": "training_run"
      },
      "source": "Aramco 2024 Annual Report",
      "authorityTier": 1,
      "is_estimated": true,
      "data_source": "Aramco 2024 Annual Report",
      "source_url": null,
      "source_urls": [],
      "authority_tier": 1,
      "data_vintage": null
    }
  ]
}