{
  "_meta": {
    "version": "2026-04-25",
    "description": "Country (ISO 3166-1 alpha-2) → export-control regime memberships, national authority notes, and coordinated-posture classification. Powers the Facility Intelligence Card jurisdictional panel and the Allied Coordination Gap Analyzer (Feature 15). Memberships and treaty status are matters of public record; coordinated-posture classifications are documented judgments grounded in the cited sources, not motive inference.",
    "compiled_at": "2026-04-25",
    "supersedes": "2026-04-24",
    "posture_taxonomy": {
      "allied-coordinated": "Implements AI-compute-specific export controls coordinated with the United States — typically the trilateral US/Netherlands/Japan arrangement on advanced semiconductor manufacturing equipment, plus the listed entity-list / FDPR-equivalent authorities required for shared denial framework operation.",
      "allied-partial": "Wassenaar Arrangement participant or applies the EU dual-use regulation, with general-purpose dual-use controls but no AI-compute-specific instruments equivalent to BIS ECCN 3A090 / FDPR / Entity List authority. Coordinated on equipment categories adopted multilaterally; not coordinated on AI accelerators, HBM, advanced packaging, or EDA.",
      "non-aligned": "Not a Wassenaar participant and not subject to the EU dual-use framework; either no AI-compute-specific export controls in force or only nascent instruments (notification-only directives, investment-protection lists). National-trade-control regime may exist but is not coordinated with the US-led architecture on AI compute.",
      "restricted": "Either subject to US AI-compute export controls (i.e., a destination jurisdiction the US restricts), or a Wassenaar participant whose multilateral coordination has been suspended (Russia since February 2022). Compute-relevant operators in such jurisdictions are inside the controlled perimeter rather than alongside it."
    },
    "sources": [
      { "id": "wassenaar", "url": "https://www.wassenaar.org/participating-states/", "name": "Wassenaar Arrangement participating-states list" },
      { "id": "eu-2021-821", "url": "https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2021/821/oj", "name": "Regulation (EU) 2021/821 — EU dual-use export control framework" },
      { "id": "eu-2025-delegated", "url": "https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg_del/2025/2189/oj", "name": "Commission Delegated Regulation (EU) 2025/2189 — November 2025 dual-use list update bypassing Wassenaar consensus" },
      { "id": "uk-seco", "url": "https://www.gov.uk/government/organisations/export-control-joint-unit", "name": "UK Export Control Joint Unit (ECJU) — Strategic Export Controls" },
      { "id": "us-bis", "url": "https://www.bis.doc.gov/", "name": "US Bureau of Industry and Security — Export Administration Regulations (EAR)" },
      { "id": "jp-meti", "url": "https://www.meti.go.jp/policy/anpo/index.html", "name": "Japan METI — Foreign Exchange and Foreign Trade Act (FEFTA) controls" },
      { "id": "csis-allen-2025", "url": "https://www.csis.org/analysis/understanding-us-allies-current-legal-authority-implement-ai-and-semiconductor-export", "name": "Allen & Goldston, 'Understanding U.S. Allies' Current Legal Authority to Implement AI and Semiconductor Export Controls,' CSIS, March 14, 2025" }
    ]
  },
  "US": {
    "country_name": "United States",
    "regimes": ["Wassenaar Arrangement", "US EAR (BIS Entity List authority)"],
    "wassenaar_status": "member",
    "eu_dual_use_applicable": false,
    "us_ear_direct_applicable": true,
    "national_regime_summary": "Export Administration Regulations (EAR), 15 CFR Parts 730–774; Entity List under Part 744; Foreign Direct Product Rule with extraterritorial reach.",
    "coordinated_posture": "allied-coordinated",
    "posture_rationale": "Originator of the AI-compute export-control framework: ECCN 3A090 (advanced GPUs), 3A090.c (HBM), FDPR extensions covering foreign-produced items, Entity List end-user designations, and the December 2024 advanced-packaging SME controls. The reference architecture against which all allied-coordinated postures are measured.",
    "posture_citation": "csis-allen-2025; us-bis",
    "authority_note": "Operates the Export Administration Regulations (EAR) and the BIS Entity List under 15 CFR 730–774; deemed-export rules extend reach to foreign nationals on US soil."
  },
  "GB": {
    "country_name": "United Kingdom",
    "regimes": ["Wassenaar Arrangement", "UK Strategic Export Controls"],
    "wassenaar_status": "member",
    "eu_dual_use_applicable": false,
    "us_ear_direct_applicable": false,
    "national_regime_summary": "Post-Brexit standalone strategic export-control regime via the Export Control Joint Unit (ECJU); November 2025 update adopted in parallel with EU Delegated Regulation 2025/2189.",
    "coordinated_posture": "allied-partial",
    "posture_rationale": "Wassenaar member with own dual-use regime; adopted equipment controls in step with EU's November 2025 Delegated Regulation. No FDPR-equivalent authority, no entity-list mechanism comparable to 15 CFR Part 744, and no AI-chip-specific control aligned with ECCN 3A090. Coordination operates through diplomatic alignment with the trilateral framework rather than legal harmonization.",
    "posture_citation": "csis-allen-2025; uk-seco",
    "authority_note": "Post-Brexit operates its own dual-use control regime via the Export Control Joint Unit (ECJU); UK Sanctions and Anti-Money Laundering Act 2018 underpins targeted measures."
  },
  "DE": {
    "country_name": "Germany",
    "regimes": ["Wassenaar Arrangement", "EU Dual-Use Regulation 2021/821", "EU Delegated Regulation 2025/2189"],
    "wassenaar_status": "member",
    "eu_dual_use_applicable": true,
    "us_ear_direct_applicable": false,
    "national_regime_summary": "BAFA administers EU Regulation 2021/821 alongside the German Foreign Trade and Payments Act (AWG/AWV); EU November 2025 Delegated Regulation entered into force November 15, 2025.",
    "coordinated_posture": "allied-partial",
    "posture_rationale": "EU dual-use member implementing November 2025 controls on advanced semiconductor manufacturing equipment (ALD, lithography, etching). No national entity-list authority equivalent to BIS Entity List; no FDPR analogue. AI-compute-specific instruments (HBM, GPU end-user controls) absent.",
    "posture_citation": "csis-allen-2025; eu-2025-delegated",
    "authority_note": "BAFA administers EU Regulation 2021/821 alongside the German Foreign Trade and Payments Act (AWG/AWV)."
  },
  "FR": {
    "country_name": "France",
    "regimes": ["Wassenaar Arrangement", "EU Dual-Use Regulation 2021/821", "EU Delegated Regulation 2025/2189"],
    "wassenaar_status": "member",
    "eu_dual_use_applicable": true,
    "us_ear_direct_applicable": false,
    "national_regime_summary": "Service des biens à double usage (SBDU) administers EU Regulation 2021/821 and the French dual-use code; EU November 2025 Delegated Regulation entered into force November 15, 2025.",
    "coordinated_posture": "allied-partial",
    "posture_rationale": "EU dual-use member with the November 2025 SME controls in force; no AI-chip-specific national instruments. France-specific concerns center on protecting domestic AI compute capacity (Mistral, Scaleway) rather than implementing US-aligned export denial.",
    "posture_citation": "csis-allen-2025; eu-2025-delegated",
    "authority_note": "Service des biens à double usage (SBDU) administers EU Regulation 2021/821 and the French dual-use code."
  },
  "NL": {
    "country_name": "Netherlands",
    "regimes": ["Wassenaar Arrangement", "EU Dual-Use Regulation 2021/821", "Dutch national semiconductor-equipment rules"],
    "wassenaar_status": "member",
    "eu_dual_use_applicable": true,
    "us_ear_direct_applicable": false,
    "national_regime_summary": "EU dual-use framework plus discrete national rules on advanced semiconductor manufacturing equipment (DUV/EUV) introduced in 2023; September 2024 expansion to ASML NXT:1970i/1980i; April 2025 measurement/inspection equipment additions.",
    "coordinated_posture": "allied-coordinated",
    "posture_rationale": "Trilateral US-Japan-Netherlands coordinator on the most effectively coordinated technology category (lithography). ASML's effective EUV monopoly plus the September 2024 DUV expansion makes Dutch national controls operationally load-bearing for the global SME framework. No FDPR analogue and no AI-chip-specific (ECCN 3A090) authority, but the equipment-side coordination is the most complete in the regime.",
    "posture_citation": "csis-allen-2025",
    "authority_note": "Operates the EU dual-use framework plus discrete national export rules on advanced semiconductor manufacturing equipment (DUV/EUV) introduced in 2023."
  },
  "IT": {
    "country_name": "Italy",
    "regimes": ["Wassenaar Arrangement", "EU Dual-Use Regulation 2021/821", "EU Delegated Regulation 2025/2189"],
    "wassenaar_status": "member",
    "eu_dual_use_applicable": true,
    "us_ear_direct_applicable": false,
    "national_regime_summary": "Ministry of Foreign Affairs — Authority for High Technology Goods (UAMA) administers EU dual-use controls; EU November 2025 Delegated Regulation in force.",
    "coordinated_posture": "allied-partial",
    "posture_rationale": "EU dual-use member; no AI-compute-specific national instruments. Hosts limited AI compute but is consequential for EU coordination dynamics.",
    "posture_citation": "csis-allen-2025; eu-2025-delegated",
    "authority_note": "Ministry of Foreign Affairs — Authority for High Technology Goods (UAMA) administers EU dual-use controls."
  },
  "BE": {
    "country_name": "Belgium",
    "regimes": ["Wassenaar Arrangement", "EU Dual-Use Regulation 2021/821", "EU Delegated Regulation 2025/2189"],
    "wassenaar_status": "member",
    "eu_dual_use_applicable": true,
    "us_ear_direct_applicable": false,
    "national_regime_summary": "Regional licensing authorities (Flemish, Walloon, Brussels) administer the EU dual-use regulation.",
    "coordinated_posture": "allied-partial",
    "posture_rationale": "EU dual-use member with regional licensing devolution; no AI-compute-specific instruments. Limited domestic AI compute footprint.",
    "posture_citation": "csis-allen-2025; eu-2025-delegated",
    "authority_note": "Regional licensing authorities (Flemish, Walloon, Brussels) administer the EU dual-use regulation."
  },
  "ES": {
    "country_name": "Spain",
    "regimes": ["Wassenaar Arrangement", "EU Dual-Use Regulation 2021/821", "EU Delegated Regulation 2025/2189"],
    "wassenaar_status": "member",
    "eu_dual_use_applicable": true,
    "us_ear_direct_applicable": false,
    "national_regime_summary": "Secretaría de Estado de Comercio administers the EU dual-use framework.",
    "coordinated_posture": "allied-partial",
    "posture_rationale": "EU dual-use member; no AI-compute-specific national instruments.",
    "posture_citation": "csis-allen-2025; eu-2025-delegated",
    "authority_note": "Secretaría de Estado de Comercio administers the EU dual-use framework."
  },
  "IE": {
    "country_name": "Ireland",
    "regimes": ["Wassenaar Arrangement", "EU Dual-Use Regulation 2021/821", "EU Delegated Regulation 2025/2189"],
    "wassenaar_status": "member",
    "eu_dual_use_applicable": true,
    "us_ear_direct_applicable": false,
    "national_regime_summary": "Department of Enterprise, Trade and Employment administers the EU dual-use framework.",
    "coordinated_posture": "allied-partial",
    "posture_rationale": "EU dual-use member; significant compute presence (hyperscaler EU regions) but no AI-compute-specific national instruments. Ireland's role is host-country, not policy originator.",
    "posture_citation": "csis-allen-2025; eu-2025-delegated",
    "authority_note": "Department of Enterprise, Trade and Employment administers the EU dual-use framework."
  },
  "JP": {
    "country_name": "Japan",
    "regimes": ["Wassenaar Arrangement", "Japan FEFTA controls"],
    "wassenaar_status": "member",
    "eu_dual_use_applicable": false,
    "us_ear_direct_applicable": false,
    "national_regime_summary": "METI administers the Foreign Exchange and Foreign Trade Act (FEFTA), including the July 2023 23-item semiconductor-equipment list and the post-2024 catch-all clause.",
    "coordinated_posture": "allied-coordinated",
    "posture_rationale": "Trilateral US-Japan-Netherlands coordinator; March 2023 expansion added 23 categories of semiconductor manufacturing equipment to the FEFTA list, aligning Japanese controls with the trilateral commitment. No FDPR analogue, no entity-list mechanism, and no AI-chip-specific control equivalent to ECCN 3A090. Coordination is on equipment, not on accelerators.",
    "posture_citation": "csis-allen-2025; jp-meti",
    "authority_note": "METI administers the Foreign Exchange and Foreign Trade Act (FEFTA), including the July 2023 23-item semiconductor-equipment list and the post-2024 catch-all clause."
  },
  "KR": {
    "country_name": "South Korea",
    "regimes": ["Wassenaar Arrangement", "Korean Strategic Goods Control"],
    "wassenaar_status": "member",
    "eu_dual_use_applicable": false,
    "us_ear_direct_applicable": false,
    "national_regime_summary": "Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy operates strategic-trade controls under the Foreign Trade Act.",
    "coordinated_posture": "allied-partial",
    "posture_rationale": "Wassenaar member with general dual-use controls. Has not implemented controls equivalent to US ECCN 3A090.c (HBM bandwidth density >2 GB/s/mm²). Under explicit BIS pressure via the December 2024 FDPR extension — exemption offered conditional on equivalent controls; not granted as of early 2026. Korean producers (SK Hynix, Samsung) account for the majority of global HBM, making this the most consequential allied-partial classification in the regime.",
    "posture_citation": "csis-allen-2025",
    "authority_note": "Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy operates strategic-trade controls under the Foreign Trade Act."
  },
  "TW": {
    "country_name": "Taiwan",
    "regimes": ["Taiwan SIPA-administered controls"],
    "wassenaar_status": "non-member",
    "eu_dual_use_applicable": false,
    "us_ear_direct_applicable": false,
    "national_regime_summary": "Strategic High-Tech Commodities (SHTC) controls administered by Bureau of Foreign Trade under the Foreign Trade Act; Taiwan Executive Yuan designated 32 'national core critical technologies' including sub-14nm processes and advanced heterogeneous packaging — investment-protection list, not export-control list.",
    "coordinated_posture": "non-aligned",
    "posture_rationale": "Cannot accede to Wassenaar due to UN-recognition constraints. Operates national strategic-trade controls referencing Wassenaar lists, but no AI-compute-specific export instruments. The Taiwan national-core-critical-technologies designation functions as investment / IP protection, not as an export licensing regime equivalent to BIS or EU dual-use. Sole source of leading-edge foundry (TSMC <7 nm) and dominant CoWoS packaging — the largest uncontrolled chokepoint in AI chip manufacturing.",
    "posture_citation": "csis-allen-2025",
    "authority_note": "Not a Wassenaar participant (UN status); Strategic High-Tech Commodities (SHTC) controls administered by Bureau of Foreign Trade under the Foreign Trade Act."
  },
  "CN": {
    "country_name": "China",
    "regimes": ["Chinese Export Control Law (2020)", "MOFCOM Unreliable Entity List authority"],
    "wassenaar_status": "non-member",
    "eu_dual_use_applicable": false,
    "us_ear_direct_applicable": false,
    "national_regime_summary": "Export Control Law (2020); MOFCOM Unreliable Entity List; rare earth export controls (April 2025 expansion); dual-use catalogues administered by MOFCOM and the Ministry of Commerce.",
    "coordinated_posture": "restricted",
    "posture_rationale": "Subject of the AI-compute export-control regime (ECCN 3A090, FDPR, Entity List designations targeting Chinese AI hardware and model developers) and operator of a counter-control regime (Unreliable Entity List, rare earth controls). Compute-relevant operators with Chinese parent chains are inside the controlled perimeter rather than alongside it. The structural posture forecloses 'coordination' in the allied sense.",
    "posture_citation": "csis-allen-2025; us-bis",
    "authority_note": "Not a Wassenaar participant; operates its own Export Control Law (2020) and Unreliable Entity List; MOFCOM and the Ministry of Commerce administer dual-use catalogues."
  },
  "IN": {
    "country_name": "India",
    "regimes": ["Indian SCOMET list authority"],
    "wassenaar_status": "member",
    "eu_dual_use_applicable": false,
    "us_ear_direct_applicable": false,
    "national_regime_summary": "Special Chemicals, Organisms, Materials, Equipment and Technologies (SCOMET) list under the Foreign Trade (Development and Regulation) Act; Wassenaar participation since 2017.",
    "coordinated_posture": "allied-partial",
    "posture_rationale": "Wassenaar member operating SCOMET; aligned with general dual-use lists but not with AI-compute-specific instruments. India's IndiaAI Mission (2024) and announced sovereign GPU buildout create a distinct domestic-policy posture; coordination with the US framework on AI compute is informal and not yet legalized in national instruments.",
    "posture_citation": "csis-allen-2025; wassenaar",
    "authority_note": "Wassenaar participant since 2017; operates the Special Chemicals, Organisms, Materials, Equipment and Technologies (SCOMET) list under the Foreign Trade (Development and Regulation) Act."
  },
  "IL": {
    "country_name": "Israel",
    "regimes": ["Israeli Defense Export Control Act controls"],
    "wassenaar_status": "non-member",
    "eu_dual_use_applicable": false,
    "us_ear_direct_applicable": false,
    "national_regime_summary": "Defense Export Control Agency (DECA) administers the Defense Export Control Law (2007) for dual-use and defense items.",
    "coordinated_posture": "non-aligned",
    "posture_rationale": "Not a Wassenaar participant. Defense-export law oriented toward national-security items; no AI-compute-specific national instruments. Was classified Tier 1 under the rescinded January 2025 AI Diffusion Framework, signaling US-trusted-destination posture, but the rescission left no formal coordination instrument in place.",
    "posture_citation": "csis-allen-2025",
    "authority_note": "Not a Wassenaar participant; Defense Export Control Agency (DECA) administers the Defense Export Control Law (2007) for dual-use and defense items."
  },
  "SG": {
    "country_name": "Singapore",
    "regimes": ["Singapore Strategic Goods (Control) Act"],
    "wassenaar_status": "non-member",
    "eu_dual_use_applicable": false,
    "us_ear_direct_applicable": false,
    "national_regime_summary": "Singapore Customs administers the Strategic Goods (Control) Act, which incorporates Wassenaar / NSG / MTCR / AG dual-use lists by reference. April 2025 joint advisory from Singapore Customs and MTI warning against circumvention of other nations' export controls.",
    "coordinated_posture": "non-aligned",
    "posture_rationale": "Strategic Goods (Control) Act references multilateral lists but Singapore is not a Wassenaar participant; no AI-compute-specific instruments equivalent to ECCN 3A090. Critical transit and re-export hub for semiconductors in Southeast Asia; February 2025 chip-diversion enforcement case demonstrated downstream-control gap.",
    "posture_citation": "csis-allen-2025",
    "authority_note": "Not a Wassenaar participant; Singapore Customs administers the Strategic Goods (Control) Act, which incorporates Wassenaar / NSG / MTCR / AG dual-use lists by reference."
  },
  "AE": {
    "country_name": "United Arab Emirates",
    "regimes": ["UAE Federal Law No. 13 (2007) export controls"],
    "wassenaar_status": "non-member",
    "eu_dual_use_applicable": false,
    "us_ear_direct_applicable": false,
    "national_regime_summary": "Executive Office for Control & Non-Proliferation administers Federal Law No. 13 (2007).",
    "coordinated_posture": "non-aligned",
    "posture_rationale": "Not a Wassenaar participant. National export-control framework predates AI-compute focus; no AI-chip-specific instruments. UAE-resident operators (G42, Khazna) are anchors of multi-billion-dollar sovereign AI programs; coordination with the US on AI-compute access operates through bilateral commercial diplomacy (Microsoft-G42, NVIDIA-G42) rather than legal harmonization.",
    "posture_citation": "csis-allen-2025",
    "authority_note": "Not a Wassenaar participant; Executive Office for Control & Non-Proliferation administers Federal Law No. 13 (2007)."
  },
  "SA": {
    "country_name": "Saudi Arabia",
    "regimes": ["Saudi General Authority of Foreign Trade controls"],
    "wassenaar_status": "non-member",
    "eu_dual_use_applicable": false,
    "us_ear_direct_applicable": false,
    "national_regime_summary": "Export controls administered by the General Authority of Foreign Trade and the Saudi Customs Authority.",
    "coordinated_posture": "non-aligned",
    "posture_rationale": "Not a Wassenaar participant. National export-control framework not tailored to AI compute. Saudi sovereign AI programs (HUMAIN, PIF) operate outside the multilateral coordination architecture; access to controlled compute is governed by US end-user determinations, not bilateral coordination.",
    "posture_citation": "csis-allen-2025",
    "authority_note": "Not a Wassenaar participant; export controls administered by the General Authority of Foreign Trade and the Saudi Customs Authority."
  },
  "CA": {
    "country_name": "Canada",
    "regimes": ["Wassenaar Arrangement", "Canadian Export and Import Permits Act"],
    "wassenaar_status": "member",
    "eu_dual_use_applicable": false,
    "us_ear_direct_applicable": false,
    "national_regime_summary": "Global Affairs Canada administers the Export Control List under the Export and Import Permits Act (EIPA).",
    "coordinated_posture": "allied-partial",
    "posture_rationale": "Wassenaar member with general dual-use controls. No national AI-compute-specific instruments; coordination with the US on AI compute operates informally through Five Eyes intelligence sharing, not through legal harmonization. Canadian AI compute footprint (Toronto, Quebec) is significant and growing.",
    "posture_citation": "csis-allen-2025; wassenaar",
    "authority_note": "Global Affairs Canada administers the Export Control List under the Export and Import Permits Act (EIPA)."
  },
  "AU": {
    "country_name": "Australia",
    "regimes": ["Wassenaar Arrangement", "Australian Defence and Strategic Goods List"],
    "wassenaar_status": "member",
    "eu_dual_use_applicable": false,
    "us_ear_direct_applicable": false,
    "national_regime_summary": "Defence Export Controls administers the Defence and Strategic Goods List under the Customs Act and the Defence Trade Controls Act.",
    "coordinated_posture": "allied-partial",
    "posture_rationale": "Wassenaar member; AUKUS coordination on advanced technologies includes AI but has not crystallized into AI-compute-specific national instruments aligned with ECCN 3A090. Coordination on compute access operates through bilateral US-Australia mechanisms.",
    "posture_citation": "csis-allen-2025; wassenaar",
    "authority_note": "Defence Export Controls administers the Defence and Strategic Goods List under the Customs Act and the Defence Trade Controls Act."
  },
  "CH": {
    "country_name": "Switzerland",
    "regimes": ["Wassenaar Arrangement", "Swiss Goods Control Act"],
    "wassenaar_status": "member",
    "eu_dual_use_applicable": false,
    "us_ear_direct_applicable": false,
    "national_regime_summary": "State Secretariat for Economic Affairs (SECO) administers the Goods Control Act (GCA); not an EU member but largely tracks EU dual-use list.",
    "coordinated_posture": "allied-partial",
    "posture_rationale": "Wassenaar member; tracks EU dual-use list voluntarily but is not bound by EU instruments. No AI-compute-specific national controls. Swiss-domiciled holdings appear in compute-relevant ownership chains (banking, asset management) where neutrality posture limits coordination depth.",
    "posture_citation": "wassenaar",
    "authority_note": "State Secretariat for Economic Affairs (SECO) administers the Goods Control Act (GCA); not an EU member but largely tracks EU dual-use list."
  },
  "NO": {
    "country_name": "Norway",
    "regimes": ["Wassenaar Arrangement", "Norwegian Export Control Act"],
    "wassenaar_status": "member",
    "eu_dual_use_applicable": false,
    "us_ear_direct_applicable": false,
    "national_regime_summary": "Ministry of Foreign Affairs administers Section 1 (military) and Section 2 (dual-use) of the Export Control List.",
    "coordinated_posture": "allied-partial",
    "posture_rationale": "Wassenaar member; not an EU member but generally aligned with EU dual-use list. No AI-compute-specific national instruments; no FDPR analogue.",
    "posture_citation": "wassenaar",
    "authority_note": "Ministry of Foreign Affairs administers Section 1 (military) and Section 2 (dual-use) of the Export Control List."
  },
  "SE": {
    "country_name": "Sweden",
    "regimes": ["Wassenaar Arrangement", "EU Dual-Use Regulation 2021/821", "EU Delegated Regulation 2025/2189"],
    "wassenaar_status": "member",
    "eu_dual_use_applicable": true,
    "us_ear_direct_applicable": false,
    "national_regime_summary": "Inspektionen för strategiska produkter (ISP) administers EU dual-use controls.",
    "coordinated_posture": "allied-partial",
    "posture_rationale": "EU dual-use member; no AI-compute-specific national instruments.",
    "posture_citation": "csis-allen-2025; eu-2025-delegated",
    "authority_note": "Inspektionen för strategiska produkter (ISP) administers EU dual-use controls."
  },
  "FI": {
    "country_name": "Finland",
    "regimes": ["Wassenaar Arrangement", "EU Dual-Use Regulation 2021/821", "EU Delegated Regulation 2025/2189"],
    "wassenaar_status": "member",
    "eu_dual_use_applicable": true,
    "us_ear_direct_applicable": false,
    "national_regime_summary": "Ministry for Foreign Affairs administers EU dual-use controls.",
    "coordinated_posture": "allied-partial",
    "posture_rationale": "EU dual-use member; no AI-compute-specific national instruments.",
    "posture_citation": "csis-allen-2025; eu-2025-delegated",
    "authority_note": "Ministry for Foreign Affairs administers EU dual-use controls."
  },
  "AT": {
    "country_name": "Austria",
    "regimes": ["Wassenaar Arrangement", "EU Dual-Use Regulation 2021/821", "EU Delegated Regulation 2025/2189"],
    "wassenaar_status": "member",
    "eu_dual_use_applicable": true,
    "us_ear_direct_applicable": false,
    "national_regime_summary": "Federal Ministry for Labour and Economy administers EU dual-use controls.",
    "coordinated_posture": "allied-partial",
    "posture_rationale": "EU dual-use member; no AI-compute-specific national instruments.",
    "posture_citation": "csis-allen-2025; eu-2025-delegated",
    "authority_note": "Federal Ministry for Labour and Economy administers EU dual-use controls."
  },
  "TR": {
    "country_name": "Turkey",
    "regimes": ["Wassenaar Arrangement"],
    "wassenaar_status": "member",
    "eu_dual_use_applicable": false,
    "us_ear_direct_applicable": false,
    "national_regime_summary": "Ministry of National Defence and Ministry of Trade administer dual-use controls; Wassenaar list incorporated by reference.",
    "coordinated_posture": "allied-partial",
    "posture_rationale": "Wassenaar member with general dual-use controls but not bound by EU instruments and not coordinated bilaterally with the US on AI compute. Turkish-domiciled entities can hold positions in compute-relevant chains without entering the AI-compute coordination architecture.",
    "posture_citation": "wassenaar",
    "authority_note": "Ministry of National Defence and Ministry of Trade administer dual-use controls; Wassenaar list incorporated by reference."
  },
  "ZA": {
    "country_name": "South Africa",
    "regimes": ["Wassenaar Arrangement"],
    "wassenaar_status": "member",
    "eu_dual_use_applicable": false,
    "us_ear_direct_applicable": false,
    "national_regime_summary": "South African Council for the Non-Proliferation of Weapons of Mass Destruction administers dual-use export controls; only African Wassenaar participant.",
    "coordinated_posture": "allied-partial",
    "posture_rationale": "Wassenaar member with general dual-use controls; geographically and politically distant from the US-led AI-compute coordination architecture. No AI-compute-specific national instruments.",
    "posture_citation": "wassenaar",
    "authority_note": "South African Council for the Non-Proliferation of Weapons of Mass Destruction administers dual-use export controls; only African Wassenaar participant."
  },
  "RU": {
    "country_name": "Russia",
    "regimes": ["Wassenaar Arrangement (suspended)"],
    "wassenaar_status": "suspended",
    "eu_dual_use_applicable": false,
    "us_ear_direct_applicable": false,
    "national_regime_summary": "Federal Service for Technical and Export Control (FSTEC) operates national controls; multilateral coordination via Wassenaar functionally suspended since the February 2022 invasion of Ukraine.",
    "coordinated_posture": "restricted",
    "posture_rationale": "Wassenaar plenary participation suspended since February 2022; subject of comprehensive US, EU, UK, and allied sanctions covering computing equipment. Compute-relevant operators with Russian parent chains are inside the controlled perimeter. The November 2025 EU 'Wassenaar minus one' bypass exists precisely because Russian veto blocked multilateral updates while remaining a formal member.",
    "posture_citation": "csis-allen-2025; eu-2025-delegated",
    "authority_note": "Federal Service for Technical and Export Control (FSTEC) operates national controls; multilateral coordination via Wassenaar functionally suspended since the February 2022 invasion of Ukraine."
  },
  "BR": {
    "country_name": "Brazil",
    "regimes": ["Brazilian Export Control system (CIBES/SECEX)"],
    "wassenaar_status": "non-member",
    "eu_dual_use_applicable": false,
    "us_ear_direct_applicable": false,
    "national_regime_summary": "Civilian (SECEX) and sensitive-goods (Comissão Interministerial de Bens Sensíveis) tracks; not aligned with Wassenaar list.",
    "coordinated_posture": "non-aligned",
    "posture_rationale": "Not a Wassenaar participant. National export-control system focuses on sensitive goods (nuclear, biological, missile) rather than AI compute. No coordination with US AI-compute framework. Brazil-domiciled operators in compute chains (data centers, cloud) are outside the coordinated perimeter.",
    "posture_citation": "wassenaar",
    "authority_note": "Not a Wassenaar participant; operates a national export-control system with separate civilian (SECEX) and sensitive-goods (Comissão Interministerial de Bens Sensíveis) tracks."
  },
  "MY": {
    "country_name": "Malaysia",
    "regimes": ["Malaysian Strategic Trade Act (2010)", "MITI Directive No. 1/2025 (notification-only)"],
    "wassenaar_status": "non-member",
    "eu_dual_use_applicable": false,
    "us_ear_direct_applicable": false,
    "national_regime_summary": "Ministry of International Trade and Industry administers the Strategic Trade Act, which references the Wassenaar / NSG / MTCR / AG lists; July 14, 2025 MITI Directive No. 1/2025 imposed advance-notice controls on AI chip exports, transshipments, and transit.",
    "coordinated_posture": "non-aligned",
    "posture_rationale": "Not a Wassenaar participant. Strategic Trade Act references multilateral lists but operates under a notification-only regime for AI chip movement (MITI Directive No. 1/2025) — a procedural step toward controls rather than a full export-licensing equivalent to EAR or EU dual-use regulation. Hosts a substantial share of global back-end semiconductor operations; the 2025 chip-diversion case via Singapore implicated Malaysian transit.",
    "posture_citation": "csis-allen-2025",
    "authority_note": "Not a Wassenaar participant; Ministry of International Trade and Industry administers the Strategic Trade Act, which references the Wassenaar / NSG / MTCR / AG lists."
  },
  "VN": {
    "country_name": "Vietnam",
    "regimes": ["No AI-compute-specific export controls in force"],
    "wassenaar_status": "non-member",
    "eu_dual_use_applicable": false,
    "us_ear_direct_applicable": false,
    "national_regime_summary": "No dedicated domestic AI chip export controls identified as of early 2026. Under the rescinded January 2025 AI Diffusion Framework, Vietnam would have been classified Tier 2 (case-by-case licensing).",
    "coordinated_posture": "non-aligned",
    "posture_rationale": "Not a Wassenaar participant. Growing role in semiconductor assembly (Samsung, Intel, Foxconn) without any AI-compute-specific controls creates a structural enforcement gap as the supply chain shifts toward Southeast Asia.",
    "posture_citation": "csis-allen-2025",
    "authority_note": "Not a Wassenaar participant; no AI-chip-specific export controls in force as of early 2026."
  },
  "ID": {
    "country_name": "Indonesia",
    "regimes": ["No AI-compute-specific export controls in force"],
    "wassenaar_status": "non-member",
    "eu_dual_use_applicable": false,
    "us_ear_direct_applicable": false,
    "national_regime_summary": "No dedicated domestic AI chip export controls identified as of early 2026; general customs and trade authority resides with the Ministry of Trade.",
    "coordinated_posture": "non-aligned",
    "posture_rationale": "Not a Wassenaar participant. Emerging compute footprint via hyperscaler regional presence; no national AI-compute coordination instruments.",
    "posture_citation": "wassenaar",
    "authority_note": "Not a Wassenaar participant; no AI-chip-specific export controls in force as of early 2026."
  }
}